Bible
Table of Contents
Old Testament (OT) Canon
| Book Name | Hebrew Bible Order | Protestant OT Order | Catholic OT Order | Orthodox OT Order | In LXX? | Original Language(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genesis | 1 (Torah) | 1 (Pentateuch) | 1 (Pentateuch) | 1 (Law) | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Exodus | 2 (Torah) | 2 | 2 | 2 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Leviticus | 3 (Torah) | 3 | 3 | 3 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Numbers | 4 (Torah) | 4 | 4 | 4 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Deuteronomy | 5 (Torah) | 5 | 5 | 5 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Joshua | 6 (Former Prophets) | 6 (History) | 6 | 6 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Judges | 7 (Former Prophets) | 7 | 7 | 7 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Ruth | 8 (Writings) | 8 | 8 | 8 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| 1 Samuel | 9 (Samuel) | 9 | 9 | 9 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| 2 Samuel | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| 1 Kings | 11 (Kings) | 11 | 11 | 11 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| 2 Kings | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| 1 Chronicles | 24 (Chronicles) | 13 | 13 | 13 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| 2 Chronicles | 25 | 14 | 14 | 14 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Ezra | 22 (Ezra–Nehemiah) | 15 | 15 | 15 | ✔️ | Hebrew, Aramaic |
| Nehemiah | 23 | 16 | 16 | 16 | ✔️ | Hebrew, Aramaic |
| Tobit | ❌ | ❌ | 17 | 17 | ✔️ | Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek |
| Judith | ❌ | ❌ | 18 | 18 | ✔️ | Greek |
| Esther | 21 (Writings) | 17 | 19 (longer) | 19 (longer) | ✔️ | Hebrew + Greek (additions) |
| 1 Maccabees | ❌ | ❌ | 20 | 20 | ✔️ | Hebrew (lost), Greek |
| 2 Maccabees | ❌ | ❌ | 21 | 21 | ✔️ | Greek |
| Job | 18 (Writings) | 18 | 22 | 22 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Psalms | 19 (Writings) | 19 | 23 | 23 | ✔️ | Hebrew (+ Psalm 151 in Gr.) |
| Proverbs | 20 (Writings) | 20 | 24 | 24 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Ecclesiastes | 26 (Writings) | 21 | 25 | 25 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Song of Songs | 27 (Writings) | 22 | 26 | 26 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Wisdom of Solomon | ❌ | ❌ | 27 | 27 | ✔️ | Greek |
| Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) | ❌ | ❌ | 28 | 28 | ✔️ | Hebrew (partial), Greek |
| Isaiah | 13 (Latter Prophets) | 23 | 29 | 29 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Jeremiah | 14 (Latter Prophets) | 24 | 30 | 30 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Lamentations | 29 (Writings) | 25 | 31 | 31 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Baruch | ❌ | ❌ | 32 | 32 | ✔️ | Greek |
| Letter of Jeremiah | ❌ (part of Baruch) | ❌ | (part of Baruch) | (part of Baruch) | ✔️ | Greek |
| Ezekiel | 15 (Latter Prophets) | 26 | 33 | 33 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Daniel | 30 (Writings) | 27 (short) | 34 (long) | 34 (long) | ✔️ (with Greek add.) | Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek |
| Hosea | 16 (Twelve) | 28 | 35 | 35 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Joel | 17 | 29 | 36 | 36 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Amos | 18 | 30 | 37 | 37 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Obadiah | 19 | 31 | 38 | 38 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Jonah | 20 | 32 | 39 | 39 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Micah | 21 | 33 | 40 | 40 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Nahum | 22 | 34 | 41 | 41 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Habakkuk | 23 | 35 | 42 | 42 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Zephaniah | 24 | 36 | 43 | 43 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Haggai | 25 | 37 | 44 | 44 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Zechariah | 26 | 38 | 45 | 45 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| Malachi | 27 | 39 | 46 | 46 | ✔️ | Hebrew |
| 1 Esdras | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | 47 | ✔️ | Greek |
| 2 Esdras (4 Ezra) | ❌ | ❌ | Appendix | 48 | ❌ | Latin (original lost) |
| Prayer of Manasseh | ❌ | ❌ | Appendix | 49 | ✔️ | Greek |
| Psalm 151 | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | 50 | ✔️ | Greek, Hebrew (Qumran) |
📌 Key Notes:
-
✔️ In LXX?: Indicates whether the book is present in the Greek Septuagint, often in expanded or alternate form.
-
Hebrew Bible groups books like 1–2 Samuel, 1–2 Kings, and the Twelve Minor Prophets as single units.
-
The order columns show canonical structure and reading priority in each tradition.
-
The Catholic OT includes Deuterocanonical books from the LXX; Protestants reject these as apocryphal.
-
The Eastern Orthodox canon varies slightly (e.g. Russian vs Greek Orthodox), but this list reflects the broader consensus.
OT Timelines
gantt
dateFormat YYYY-MM-DD
title Authorship composition of Old Testament Bible books
axisFormat %Y
section Old Testament
Genesis (First book) : milestone, -000500, 0y
Torah / Pentateuch : -000700, 368y
Historical Books : -000800, 500y
Wisdom books : -001000, 750y
Major Prophets : -000740, 260y
Minor Prophets : -000640, 440y
Malachi (Last book) : milestone, -000460, 30y
gantt
dateFormat YYYY-MM-DD
title Authorship composition of Old Testament Books
axisFormat %Y
section Legend
Book written In : milestone, -001000, 0y
Range written :-001000, 50y
Relevant Events :active, -001000, 50y
Dates Questioned:crit, -001000, 50y
section Torah (Pentateuch)
Genesis : milestone, -000500, 0y
Exodus : -000500, 100y
Persian Perriod : active, persian-period, -000538, 206y
Leviticus : crit, -000538, 206y
Numbers : -000700, 200y
Deuteronomy : -000700, 200y
section Historical Books
Joshua : -000586, 47y
Judges : -000800, 200y
Ruth : -000400, 100y
Samuel : -000700, 100y
Kings : milestone , -000600, 0y
Chronicles : -000350, 50y
Ezra : milestone, -000458
Nehemiah : -000445, 12y
Esther : milestone, -000400
section Wisdom books
Job : -000540, 210y
Psalms : -001000, 600y
Proverbs : -000950, 550y
Ecclesiastes : -000450, 200y
Song of Songs : -000500, 200y
section Major Prophets
Isaiah : -000740, 260y
Jeremiah : -000626, 41y
Lamentations : -000586, 50y
Ezekiel : -000597, 26y
Daniel : milestone, -000165
section Minor Prophets
Hosea : -000750, 28y
Joel : crit, -000900, 500y
Amos : -000760, 10y
Obadiah : -000586, 86y
Jonah : -000400, 200y
Micah : -000740, 40y
Nahum : -000660, 30y
Habakkuk : -000610, 13y
Zephaniah : -000640, 20y
Haggai : milestone, -000520
Zechariah : -000520, 2y
Malachi : -000460, 30y
New Testament (NT) books
| # | Book Name | Traditional Author | Scholarly View |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Matthew | Matthew the Apostle | Anonymous; possibly a Jewish Christian |
| 2 | Mark | John Mark (associate of Peter) | Anonymous; possibly based on Peter’s preaching |
| 3 | Luke | Luke (companion of Paul) | Anonymous; educated Greek-speaking Christian |
| 4 | John | John the Apostle | Anonymous; Johannine community author |
| 5 | Acts | Luke | Same author as Luke |
| 6 | Romans | Paul the Apostle | Paul |
| 7 | 1 Corinthians | Paul the Apostle | Paul |
| 8 | 2 Corinthians | Paul the Apostle | Paul |
| 9 | Galatians | Paul the Apostle | Paul |
| 10 | Ephesians | Paul the Apostle | Possibly pseudonymous (disputed) |
| 11 | Philippians | Paul the Apostle | Paul |
| 12 | Colossians | Paul the Apostle | Possibly Paul or a follower |
| 13 | 1 Thessalonians | Paul the Apostle | Paul |
| 14 | 2 Thessalonians | Paul the Apostle | Disputed; possibly pseudonymous |
| 15 | 1 Timothy | Paul the Apostle | Likely pseudonymous |
| 16 | 2 Timothy | Paul the Apostle | Likely pseudonymous |
| 17 | Titus | Paul the Apostle | Likely pseudonymous |
| 18 | Philemon | Paul the Apostle | Paul |
| 19 | Hebrews | Anonymous; traditionally Paul | Anonymous; possibly Apollos, Barnabas, or Priscilla |
| 20 | James | James, brother of Jesus | Possibly James; some dispute |
| 21 | 1 Peter | Peter the Apostle | Possibly Peter; debated due to style |
| 22 | 2 Peter | Peter the Apostle | Widely considered pseudonymous |
| 23 | 1 John | John the Apostle | Same author as Gospel of John? disputed |
| 24 | 2 John | John the Elder | Possibly same as 1 John; disputed |
| 25 | 3 John | John the Elder | Possibly same as 2 John |
| 26 | Jude | Jude, brother of Jesus | Possibly authentic; disputed |
| 27 | Revelation (Apocalypse) | John the Apostle (Patmos) | “John of Patmos” (identity debated) |
📌 Key Notes:
-
While the Book of Revelation is part of the New Testament canon across nearly all Christian traditions, it has historically had limited liturgical use in some Eastern Orthodox Churches, particularly the Greek Orthodox Church. It was not read publicly in the liturgy for centuries, though it was still accepted as canonical.
-
Traditional authorship is based on early Christian testimony (e.g. Church Fathers like Irenaeus, Origen).
-
Scholarly views reflect modern critical methods, including language, theology, and historical context.
-
Letters marked as pseudonymous are thought by many scholars to have been written in Paul’s name by later followers, a common literary practice in antiquity.
-
The identity of John in the Gospel, Epistles, and Revelation is especially complex and debated.
NT Timeline
gantt
dateFormat YYYY-MM-DD
title Authorship Composition of New Testament Bible books
axisFormat %Y
section Jesus' Ministry
Jesus :active, 0028, 3y
section ✍🏼 Pauline
Galatians (or 55 CE) :g1, 48, 1y
1 Thessalonians :g2, 51, 1y
2 Thessalonians (or post 70 CE) :g3, 51, 1y
1 Corinthians :g4, 53, 4y
Philippians :g5, 54, 1y
Philemon :g6, 54, 1y
2 Corinthians :g7, 55, 3y
Romans :g8, 57, 1y
Colossians (or post 70 CE) :g9, 62, 1y
1 Timothy :g23, 100, 1y
2 Timothy :g24, 100, 1y
Titus :g25, 100, 1y
section ✍🏼 Anonymous
Gospel of Mark :g10, 65, 8y
Acts :g14, 80, 10y
Gospel of Luke :g15, 80, 10y
Hebrews :g17, 80, 10y
section ✍🏼 Pseudonymous
James :g11, 65, 20y
1 Peter :g12, 75, 15y
section ✍🏼 Unknown
Gospel of Matthew :crit, g13, 80, 10y
section ✍🏼 Johannine
Gospel of John :g18, 90, 10y
1 John :g19, 90, 10y
2 John :g20, 90, 10y
3 John :g21, 90, 10y
Revelation :g22, 95, 1y
section ✍🏼 Pseudepigraphical
2 Peter :g26, 110, 1y
Ephesians :g16, 80, 10y
section Date Uncertain
Jude :crit, g27 , 110, 1y
License
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
